“Ancient & Medieval Sub-Saharan African States” (2019)

Map of the African continent, with colored ovals recognizing approximate geographic locations and periods of kingdoms and empires.

Mark Cartwright, “Map of Ancient & Medieval Sub-Saharan African States,” Ancient History Encyclopedia, April 12, 2019.

Areas and dates relate to a state at its peak. In addition, shaded areas are approximate indicators only. For the majority of the states, their precise borders are not known or are disputed by scholars.

AP African American Studies Guide

Mark Cartwright, “Ancient & Medieval Sub-Saharan African States” (2019)

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