“Gopher John, Seminole Interpreter” (1863)

“Gopher John, Seminole Interpreter” (1863)

AP African American Studies Guide

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Topic 2.17

N. Orr & Co., “Gopher John, Seminole Interpreter” (1863)

An engraving of a Black man identified as "Gopher John." wearing a feathered headdress and tunic. standing on a riverbank as two people paddle a canoe in the background


Source: An engraving of a man identified as “Gopher John, Seminole Interpreter,” also called John Horse and Juan Cavallo, who was of Black, Spanish, and Indigenous descent. Engraved by N. Orr & Co., in Joshua R. Giddings, The Florida Exiles and the War for Slavery, or the Crimes Committed by Our Government Against the Maroons, Who Fled from South Carolina and Other Slave States, Seeking Protection Under Spanish Laws, New York: Follett, Foster, and Co., 1863 (New York Public Library Digital Collections)