AP African American Studies Resource Archive | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History

Mae Jemison, a Black woman, wearing an astronaut uniform (yellow shirt with mission patch, blue cargo pants, grey slippers) aboard the Space Shuttle. She is floating in zero gravity, surrounded by experimental stations, with a video camera floating to her left.

Mae Jemison Works at Zero Gravity

1992

Get a glimpse of the first Black woman in space at work aboard the space shuttle.

Primary Source

Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. smiling and talking with each other while a police escort stands near.

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X

1964

View a photograph of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X’s only meeting.

Primary Source

From left to right: a Black woman wearing a white vest and plaid pants kneeling with head raised; John Lewis, a Black man wearing a white button-down shirt, black pants, and black shoes, kneeling with head bowed while holding a notepad in his left hand; a Black girl wearing a white shirt, shorts, and shoes, kneeling with head bowed; and a Black man wearing a white button-down shirt, black pants, and black shoes, kneeling with head bowed. All are in front of a brick building with ground-floor windows.

John Lewis at a Prayer Demonstration

1962

View a photograph of members of the SNCC kneeling in prayer in Cairo, Illinois.

Primary Source

A black-and-white photograph of an elderly Black man in a white robe and black kufi hat sitting with eyes closed, plucking a guitar made of a calabash squash.

“Griot Basimana, Mali”

1970

View this photograph, an example of the persistence of African learning traditions.

Primary Source

Medal podium at the 1968 Olympic Games. Tommie Smith (the gold medalist, center), a Black man, is wearing a dark blue Team USA jacket (with red and white trim), the gold medal around his neck, and his right hand in a Black Power salute with a black glove on his clenched right fist. John Carlos (bronze medalist, right), a Black man, is also wearing a Team USA uniform (with an unzipped jacket) and mirrors the salute with his left hand. Peter Norman (left), a white man, is wearing a green jacket.

Tommie Smith and John Carlos during XIX Summer Olympics

1968

View a key example of sports as a platform for the Black freedom struggle.

Primary Source

Elijah Muhammad, a Black man wearing a beret, barely visible above a lectern and a bank of microphones. He is flanked on his stage by two Black men on his right (one in a dark suit, white shirt, and dark bowtie, and another in a Fruit of Islam uniform of beret, dark jacket, and white shirt) and a Black woman (in a white robe and headwear) and Black man (in a dark suit, white shirt, and dark necktie), and behind him are several Black men in dark suits and ties and Black women in white robes and headwear.

Elijah Muhammad Addressing Black Muslims

1966

View Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of Islam, speaking to congregants.

Primary Source

A button reading "Black is Beautiful," with black text on a white background.

“Kathleen Cleaver on Natural Hair”

1968

Learn more about this element of Afrocentric aesthetics and the embrace of “Black is Beautiful.”

Video

An open-topped car with four passengers in a parade. The driver is a Black man with a dark jacket, white shirt, dark tie, and dark driver's cap. In the back seat, from left to right, is a Black man in a military uniform; a Black man wearing academic regalia; Marcus Garvey, a Black man, wearing a military uniform and holding a sword. Next to the car is a Black man wearing a dark jacket, white shirt, and striped tie. In the background are apartment buildings, where Black people are looking on at the parade.

Marcus Garvey in Harlem

1924

View another photograph of Garvey and an entourage, as captured by James Van Der Zee.

Primary Source

Two young Black men in long-sleeved T-shirts emblazoned the Omega Tau Psi crest across the chest, flanking a large crest for the fraternity, in front of five barrels full of canned and packaged food.

Student Life at North Carolina College

1964–1965

Understand the legacy of HBCUs and BGLOs in the twentieth century through these two photographs.

“Nonviolence and Racial Justice”

1957

Explore Martin Luther King’s philosophy toward nonviolent resistance.

Primary Source

A black-and-white photograph of Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a lectern. Login Required message is an overlay.

Why We Can’t Wait

1964

Read an excerpt from Martin Luther King’s 1964 book, focused on segregation in Birmingham prior to SCLC’s campaign there.

Primary Source

Mountain chart showing change over time in Black (single race, non-Hispanic or Latino), Multiracial Black (non-Hispanic or Latino), and Black Hispanic or Latino populations, in beige, green, and tan, respectively.

The Growing Diversity of Black America

2021

Explore changing demographics in the Black population over the course of the twenty-first century.