The Question of Naming in The Liberator
1831
Explore responses to questions of Black identity and nomenclature in the famed abolitionist newspaper.
The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments
1865, 1868, and 1870
Read the three Reconstruction Amendments.
“Why We Should Have a Paper”
1837
Read the founding manifesto of The Colored American newspaper.
“Women in the Movement”
1964
Read this anonymously written memo calling out gender inequality and tokenism in the SNCC.
“Lift Every Voice and Sing”
1900
Read the lyrics composed by James Weldon Johnson for what has become known as the Black National Anthem.
“Negroes, Leave the South!”
1920
Read an anonymous editorial calling on African Americans to move north, east, and west for safety and opportunities.
“We Wear the Mask”
1895
Read Paul Laurence Dunbar’s poem, which poses a “mask” similar to Du Bois’s “veil.”
“If We Must Die”
1919
Read Claude McKay’s defiant poem, in response to violence against African Americans following World War I.
Letter from the Governor of East Florida
1739
Read a letter that points to the conflicts and alliances between the Spanish, English, Africans, and Native Americans in border regions of the Southeast.
“The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain”
1926
Read Langston Hughes's essay on the limits placed on Black poets and writers during this period.
The Atlanta Exposition Address
1895
Read and listen to Booker T. Washington's speech to a predominantly White audience at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta.
“Leonard Parkinson, a Captain of the Maroons”
1769
View a depiction of a maroon community leader.
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