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Introduction
Facsimile
Item Description and Credits
Transcription
Suggested Reading
Suggested Reading


Introduction

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Choosing A Life of Slavery


What circumstances would make someone deliberately choose a life of slavery? That was the question archivists at the Gilder Lehrman Collection were confronted with when they came across three court documents indicating that free African Americans did just that. Between 1858 and 1863, Ann Jackson (GLC06375), Gabriel Todd (GLC03840), and Agnes Calvin (GLC08955) sold themselves and their families into slavery. Could there be a more sinister story behind these legal transactions? In 1858, Texas state legislature passed "An Act to permit Free persons of African Descent, to select their own Master and become Slaves." Research has revealed that coercion was often used to compel free African Americans to choose a master. Was this decision completely theirs to make? Could they have been trying to keep their families together or escape a worse fate? The full story that led to the decision to forfeit their freedom remains untold.

Krista Rupe, Special Projects Manger
Gilder Lehrman Collection

Facsimile

Click on each image to enlarge

GLC 03840
GLC 08955
GLC 06375


Item Description and Credits

GLC 03840, Petition of a free black to Texas court to become a slave of Edward D. Martin , 1860.

GLC 08955, Agnes Calvin, Slave petition, Marion County, Texas, 1863.

GLC 06375, Petition of free negro, Ann Jackson to become a slave, Gillespie, Texas, 1858.

For more information or to obtain copies, contact Ana Ramirez-Luhrs at reference@gilderlehrman.com or call (212) 787-6616 ext. 209.


Transcription



GLC03840


GLC08955


GLC06375
GLC03840
Petition of a free black to Texas court to become a slave of Edward D. Martin
Polk County, Texas, 20 March 1860.
Letter signed, 1 page + docket.

The State of Texas } In the District Court
Polk County } Spring Term 1860

To the Hon. James M. Masacy Judge of the 15th. Judicial District
The petition of Gabriel Todd who resides in the County s State aforesaid respectfully shows unto your Honor that he is a free man of color, that he is over the age of fourteen years, and that he resides in the said county of Polk: petitioner further represents to your Honor that he desires to avail himself of the law permitting him to select a master and become a slave; and believing Edward D. Martin, a citizen of the County and State aforesaid to be a proper person, he prays that due notice hereof be given; that the said Martin he cited to appear at the next term of your Honor’s Court; that your Honor will hear proof of the facts herein alleged, and will adjudge and decree your petitioner to be the slave of the said Edward D. Martin & as in duty bound & c.
Subscribed this 20th. Day } Gabriel todd
of March 1860 in the }
presence of us subscribing }
witnesses. }
G. W Goodwin }
J. S. Brown }

[docket]
No 725
Gabriel Todd
{ Petition to
{ become a
{ Slave
_______________
Filed March the
22nd. A. D. 1860
Hble. EHill
Dpty [D C D C H C]



GLC08955
Agnes Calvin } In the District Court
A free Negro Woman } Marion County State
Exparte } of Texas –
May Term, 1863.

To the Honorable B. W. Gray
Judge of Senior Court
The petition of Agnes Calvin Respectfully that she is a free person of African descent and a resident of the County of Marion in the State of Texas, having come to said State from the State of North Carolina on or about the day of May 1860;
First her petition shows that she is about thirty five years of age and has two female children, one named Joanna, thirteen years of age, the other named Mary Margrett, nine years of age:
Further petitions States that she desires to elect or choose a master for herself and said two children Joanna and Mary Margrett [illegible] to the Statutes in such case made and provided And to that [inserted: and] petitioner makes choice of J.S.H. Hossack to become her Master and the Master of said children, a person of good repute and a resident citizen of the County of Marion aforesaid;
[2] In consideration of these premises petitioner prays that a decree may be made and entered in this Court Making the said J.S.H. Hossack the Master and owner of your petitioner And her said two children Joanna and Mary Margrett And your petitioner as duty bound will even pray &c her
Agnes X Calvin
Mark
Signed in the presence of }
Wm. [Himins] }
W. J. Parker }


GLC06375
Petition of free negro, Ann Jackson to become a slave
Gillespie, Texas, 4 October 1858.
Manuscript document, 1 page.
Notice

The State of Texas }
}
County of Gillespie }
In Conformity with an Act of the Legislature of the State of Texas, passed & approved January 27th 1858, entitled “ An Act to permit Free persons of African Descent, to select their own Master and become Slaves, — I, A. Erlenmezer, Clerk of the District Court of the County of Gillespie, State aforesaid, do herewith give Notice, that Ann Jackson, a free female of Color has filed her petition in our said Court on the 4th Day of October A. D. 1858; which said Petition reads as follows: to [wit]:
Fort Mason, Texas
Sept. 27th 1858.
I Ann Jackson, being a free female of Color respectfully Petition the Honorable District Court, to choose W. C. Lewis of Mason County, State of Texas, to be my lawful master, In Testimony of which I hereunto attach my Cross in presence of two reliable witnesses.
Ann X Jackson
Witness
J. M. [Sween]
J. Cavenass.

Witness my hand & the Seal of said Court
at Fredericksburg, Octob. 4th
A D : 1858.
A. Erlenmezer, C. D. C. G. C.

Suggested Reading

Winegarten, Ruthe, Black Texas Women: 150 Years of Trail and Triumph. Austin, Texas: University of Texas, 1995.

Davis, David Brion, Inhuman Bondage : The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 2006.

Foner, Eric and Brown, Joshua, Forever Free : The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. New York: Knopf, 2005.











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