President Lincoln issued his official Emancipation Proclamation, declaring “all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State . . . in rebellion against the United States . . . thenceforward and forever free.” Slaves in loyal areas (including the Border States) were not freed by the proclamation, as Lincoln believed that he only had the power to issue the proclamation “as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion” (though he would soon press for the emancipation of all slaves with the Thirteenth...
The Black Hawk War began when Black Hawk, chief of the Sauk Indians, crossed the Mississippi River to plant corn on the tribe's old fields in Illinois. Capt. Abraham Lincoln and Lieut. Jefferson Davis took part in the conflict. The Sauk surrendered in August, after many older men, women, and children were massacred in Wisconsin while carrying white flags.
In a series of seven political debates across the state of Illinois, Senate-hopeful Abraham Lincoln and incumbent Stephen Douglas argued the question of slavery. Though Lincoln lost to Douglas, the debates pushed him into the nation’s consciousness and made him a viable presidential candidate in 1860.