Following more than a year of diplomatic conflict between the US and Panama, US military forces invaded Panama. The invasion was widely condemned by the international community, but President Bush justified the action as a measure to protect American citizens in Panama, fight Panamanian drug trafficking, protect the neutrality of the Panama Canal, remove General Manuel Noriega, and restore democratic government.

President Bush signed the Civil Rights Act of 1991, which amended the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to “provide damages in cases of intentional employment discrimination.”

Alan Greenspan (1926– ) is an American economist who chaired the Federal Reserve through four presidential administrations. Greenspan was first appointed chairman of the Federal Reserve Board by President Ronald Reagan in 1987. He helped guide the US through times of economic crisis and expansion under Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. He retired from the Federal Reserve in 2006. In 2011 the bi-partisan Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission found that Greenspan’s support for deregulation and his failure to...

Colin Powell (1937– ) is a US general who served as secretary of state to President George W. Bush. In 1989, as a career Army officer, Powell was the first African American chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under George H. W. Bush. In 1993, he retired from the military. In 2001, he was appointed as the first African American secretary of state by George W. Bush, and in that position he sought support for the American war in Iraq. In February 2003, he delivered a speech before the United Nations supporting American action in Iraq,...